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Sustainable Battery Technologies for Modern Energy Systems: A Comparative Analysis of Residential, Automotive, and Industrial Applications
R. Anwar Sadath Doctoral Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli: Rajalingam, Professor, HOD, Department of Management Studies, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli.
Pages: 1-12 | First Published: 05 Mar 2026
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Abstract

The world shift to decentralized energy and electrified mobility is becoming more and more limited by Legacy of the Lead-Acid Storage Infrastructures, which is not fully utilized to assure development growth because the yield of the Capital Economics (CapEx) is lower. Accordingly, the paper gives a techno-economic analysis of converting Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) in residential, automobile and industrial applications through a 10-year Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model (LiFePO₄) breaks even financially in the residential business after four years due to a combination of high round trip energy efficiency (> 95% vs. 70%) and no electrolyte maintenance. The analysis helps to highlight a more basic change of operation in the high-rate charging capability of (LiFePO₄) (1C) on the 24-hour continuous operation of this vehicle on a battery-to-vehicle-weight ratio of 1:1, and does not necessitate the normal 2:2 or 3:1 lead charge requirement. Under the system the reduced all of the infrastructure is simplified in the form of in-inventory, even in batteries. Besides, LiFePO₄ faces economic volatility in the SLI (Automotive Motoring, Lighting and Ignition). It is worth noticing that mild weight costs cannot justify a cost of diff, which results in zero fuel cost-total savings benefits. Lead (auxiliary batteries + batteries) must not be sold under an overall price > 90 % of your market. In cases where both residential and industrial markets offer strong IPC benefits that are amenable to immediate acceptability, automotive SLI markets feature rigidity to impede infiltration in companion implementations or FULL fuel-efficient cars.

Keywords: Battery management systems (BMS), energy storage system (ESS), industrial electrification, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), opportunity charging, total cost of ownership (TCO).

References

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    10.1109/EEEIC/ICPSEurope54979.2022.9854598. 

  2. Adegbohun, F.; von Jouanne, A.; Lee, K.Y. Autonomous Battery Swapping System and Methodologies of Electric Vehicles. Energies 2019, 12, 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040667.

  3. M. Baumann, S. Rohr and M. Lienkamp, "Cloud-connected battery management for decision making on second-life of electric vehicle batteries," 2018 Thirteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), Monte Carlo, Monaco, 2018, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/EVER.2018.8362355. 

  4. Sheng Shui Zhang,The effect of the charging protocol on the cycle life of a Li-ion battery, Journal of Power Sources,Volume 161, Issue 2,2006,Pages 1385-1391,ISSN 0378-7753,

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.040.

  5. Wikner, E.; Thiringer, T. Extending Battery Lifetime by Avoiding High SOC. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101825

  6. Noshin Omar, Mohamed Abdel Monem, Yousef Firouz, Justin Salminen, Jelle Smekens, Omar Hegazy, Hamid Gaulous, Grietus Mulder, Peter Van den Bossche, Thierry Coosemans, Joeri Van Mierlo,Lithium iron phosphate based battery – Assessment of the aging parameters and development of cycle life model,Applied Energy,Volume 113,2014,Pages 1575-1585,

    ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.003.

  7. Zhao, Y.; Pohl, O.; Bhatt, A.I.; Collis, G.E.; Mahon, P.J.; Rüther, T.; Hollenkamp, A.F. A Review on Battery Market Trends, Second-Life Reuse, and Recycling. Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2, 167-205. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem2010011

  8. Cole, Wesley, Vignesh Ramasamy, and Merve Turan. 2025. Cost Projections for UtilityScale Battery Storage: 2025 Update. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A40-93281. 

    https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy25osti/93281.pdf.

  9. "Automotive Lead-Acid Battery Market Report," Research and Markets, Dublin, Ireland, Rep. CH 5044, Jan. 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/automotive-lead-acid-batteries-market-33272549.html. [Accessed: Feb. 18, 2026].

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    https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EE02681F.

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    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.04.030.

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    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.052.

  13. B. Beszédes, "Hybrid Battery Bank Application in Energy Storage System," 2023 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI), Budapest, Hungary, 2023, pp. 000129-000134, doi: 10.1109/CINTI59972.2023.10381947. 

  14. Wu, X.; Chen, J.; Lin, T.; Li, Z.; Miao, C.; Gong, W. Energy Consumption Analysis and Thermal Equilibrium Research of High-Voltage Lithium Battery Electric Forklifts. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 9854. 

    https://doi.org/10.3390/app15189854

  15. USOH, Mohd Afifi; IBRAHIM, Mohd Zamri; DAUD, Muhamad Zalani. An improved rule-based control of battery energy storage for hourly power dispatching of photovoltaic sources. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), [S.l.], v. 14, n. 4, p. 3783-3791, aug. 2024. ISSN 2722-2578. doi: http://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp3783-3791.

Ethical Communication and Green Claims in Sustainable Marketing: Issues, Challenges
S. Arul Chinnappa Raj MBA - (HR & MARKETING), St. Joseph University, Tamil Nadu. Dr.J.Jeya Sunitha Associate Professor, Management Studies, St. Joseph University, Tamil Nadu.
Pages: 13-18 | First Published: 05 Mar 2026
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Abstract

Ethical communication is an essential element of sustainable marketing, especially in the use of green claims to communicate environmental responsibility. Green claims influence consumer perceptions and purchasing decisions; therefore, they must be accurate, transparent, and verifiable. However, the increasing use of vague or misleading environmental claims has raised ethical concerns and reduced consumer trust. And I am going to use the secondary data analysis to come to a conclusion. This paper examines ethical communication practices related to green claims and identifies key issues such as green washing, information asymmetry, lack of standardization, and regulatory challenges. It also discusses the importance of truthful messaging, evidence-based claims, and adherence to ethical guidelines in marketing communication. The study emphasizes that standardized and responsible green communication is necessary to protect consumers, enhance organizational credibility, and support sustainable development.

References

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  2. Lyon, T. P. & Montgomery, A. W. (2015). “The Means and End of Green wash,” Organization & Environment, 28(2), p. 224.
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  7. Delmas, M. A. & Burbano, V. C. (2011). “The Drivers of Green washing,” California Management Review, 54(1), p. 65.

  8. Chen, Y.-S. (2010). “Green Trust,” Management Decision, 48(2), p. 313.

  9. Cho, C. H. et al. (2015). “Selective Disclosure,” Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 28(1), p. 84.

  10. Akerlof, G. A. (1970). “The Market for Lemons,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(3), p. 489.

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Inclusive Marketing as a Social Sustainability Strategy: Market Challenges and Resilience of a Self-Made Transgender Professional in India
J. Arul raj Psychology (Research Scholar), Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan, India.
Pages: 19-25 | First Published: 05 Mar 2026
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Abstract

Inclusive marketing is increasingly recognized as a critical dimension of social sustainability, particularly in emerging economies marked by social stratification and labour market exclusion. Transgender individuals in India face persistent discrimination, restricted employment opportunities, and social stigma, compelling many to pursue self-made professional pathways. This study examines how resilience enables a self-made transgender professional to navigate market exclusion and construct sustainable economic participation. Using a mixed-method case study approach, quantitative data were collected through the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience (GMSR) scale and the Transgender Resilience Scale (TRS), alongside qualitative narrative interviews. Findings indicate high resilience despite sustained exposure to minority stress, with resilience translating into adaptive marketing behaviours, trust-based customer relationships, and professional legitimacy. The study reframes inclusive marketing as an emergent, practice-based sustainability strategy rooted in lived resilience rather than corporate policy alone. Implications for sustainable marketing, social inclusion, and policy development are discussed.

Keywords: Inclusive marketing · Social sustainability · Transgender professionals · Market resilience · Informal entrepreneurship · India

References

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  7. Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2014). Structural stigma and the health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(2), 127–132.

  8. Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the minority stress model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 460–467. 

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  11. Logie, C. H., Newman, P. A., Chakrapani, V., & Shunmugam, M. (2012). Adapting the minority stress model: Associations between gender-nonconformity stigma, HIV-related stigma and depression among men who have sex with men in South India. Social Science & Medicine, 74(8), 1261–1268.

  12. Logie, C. H., James, L., Tharao, W., & Loutfy, M. R. (2018). “We don’t exist”: A qualitative study of marginalization and intersectionality in health care for transgender women living with HIV in Ontario, Canada. Social Science & Medicine, 74(8), 1261–1268.

  13. McConnell, E. A., Birkett, M., & Mustanski, B. (2016). Typologies of social support and associations with mental health outcomes among LGBT youth. American Journal of Public Health, 106(4), 712–718.

  14. Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.

  15. Meyer, I. H. (2015). Resilience in the minority stress framework. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 209–213. 

  16. Pflum, S. R., Testa, R. J., Balsam, K. F., Goldblum, P. B., & Bongar, B. (2015). Social support, trans community connectedness, and mental health symptoms among transgender and gender nonconforming adults. LGBT Health, 2(3), 281–286.

  17. Riggle, E. D. B., Rostosky, S. S., McCants, L. E., & Pascale-Hague, D. (2014). The positive aspects of a transgender self-identification. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 398–411.

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  19. Singh, A. A., Hays, D. G., & Watson, L. S. (2011). Strength in the face of adversity: Resilience strategies of transgender individuals. Journal of Counseling & Development, 89(1), 20–27.

  20. Smudde, P. M., & Courtright, J. L. (2010). Branding inclusive organizations: Equity, diversity and values alignment for marketing and social impact. Journal of Brand Strategy, 1(2), 154–165.

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